Identifying Post-Marital Residence Archaeologically

A significant piece of kinship studies in anthropology and archaeology both is post-marital residence patterns, the rules within a society that determine where a child of a group resides after they get married. In pre-industrial communities, people generally live(d) in family compounds. Residence rules are essential organizing principles for a group, allowing families to build a labor force, share resources, and plan out rules for exogamy (who can marry who) and inheritance (how the shared resources are split among the survivors). Identifying Post-Marital Residence Archaeologically Beginning in the 1960s, archaeologists began attempting to identify patterns that might suggest post-marital residence at archaeological sites. The first attempts, pioneered by James Deetz, William Longacre, and James Hill among others, were with ceramics, particularly decoration and style of pottery. In a patrilocal residence situation, the theory went, female pottery makers would bring in styles from their home clans and the resulting artifact assemblages would reflect that. That didnt work very well, in part because contexts, where potsherds are found (middens), are rarely clear cut enough to indicate where the household was and who was responsible for the pot. DNA, isotope studies, and biological affinities have also been used with some success: the theory is that these physical differences would clearly identify the people who are outsiders to the community. The problem with that class of investigation is it is not always clear that where people are buried necessarily reflects where people lived. Examples of the methodologies are found in Bolnick and Smith (for DNA), Harle (for affinities) and Kusaka and colleagues (for isotope analyses). What seems to be a fruitful methodology of identifying post-marital residence patterns is using community and settlement patterns, as described by Ensor (2013). Post-Marital Residence and Settlement In his 2013 book The Archaeology of Kinship, Ensor lays out the physical expectations for settlement patterning in different post-marital residence behaviors. When recognized in the archaeological record, these on-the-ground, datable patterns provide insight into the societal makeup of the residents. Since archaeological sites are by definition diachronic resources (that is, they span decades or centuries and so contain evidence of change over time), they can also illuminate how residence patterns change as the community expands or contracts. There are three main forms of PMR: neolocal, unilocal and multi-local residences. Neolocal can be considered the pioneer stage when a group consisting of parent(s) and child(ren) move away from existing family compounds to start new. The architecture associated with such a family structure is an isolated conjugal house which is not aggregated or formally situated with other dwellings. According to cross-cultural ethnographic studies, conjugal houses typically measure less than 43 square meters (462 square feet) in the floor plan. Unilocal Residence Patterns Patrilocal residence is when the boys of the family stay in the family compound when they marry, bringing in spouses from elsewhere. Resources are owned by the men of the family, and, although the spouses reside with the family, they are still part of the clans where they were born. Ethnographic studies suggest that in these cases, new conjugal residences (whether rooms or houses) are constructed for the new families, and eventually a plaza is required for meeting places. A patrilocal residence pattern thus includes a number of conjugal residences scattered around a central plaza. Matrilocal residence is when the girls of the family stay in the family compound when they marry, bringing in spouses from elsewhere. Resources are owned by the women of the family and, although the spouses can reside with the family, they are still part of the clans where they were born. In this type of residence pattern, according to cross-cultural ethnographic studies, typically sisters or related women and their families live together, sharing domiciles which average 80 sq m (861 sq ft) or more. Meeting places such as plazas are not necessary, because the families reside together. Cognatic Groups Ambilocal residence is a unilocal residence pattern when each couple decides which family clan to join. Bilocal residence patterns is a multi-local pattern in which each partner stays in their own family residence. Both of these have the same complex structure: both have plazas and small conjugal house groups and both have multifamily dwellings, so they cannot be distinguished archaeologically. Summary Residence rules define who is us: who can be relied on in emergencies, who is required to work on the farm, who we can marry, where we need to live and how our family decisions are made. Some argument can be made for residential rules driving the creation of ancestor worship and unequal status: who is us must have a founder (mythical or real) to identify, people who are related to a particular founder might be of a higher rank than others. By making the main sources of family income from outside of the family, the industrial revolution made post-marital residence no longer necessary or, in most cases today, even possible. Most likely, as with everything else in archaeology, post-marital residence patterns will be best identified using a variety of methods. Tracing the settlement pattern change of a community, and comparing physical data from cemeteries and changes in artifact styles from midden contexts will help approach the problem and clarify, as much as possible, this interesting and necessary societal organization. Sources Bolnick DA, and Smith DG. 2007. Migration and Social Structure among the Hopewell: Evidence from Ancient DNA. American Antiquity 72(4):627-644.Dumond DE. 1977. Science in Archaeology: The Saints Go Marching In. American Antiquity 42(3):330-349.Ensor BE. 2011. Kinship Theory in Archaeology: From Critiques to the Study of Transformations. American Antiquity 76(2):203-228.Ensor BE. 2013. The Archaeology of Kinship. Tucson: The University of Arizona Press. 306 p.Harle MS. 2010. Biological Affinities and the Construction of Cultural Identity for the Proposed Coosa Chiefdom. Knoxville: University of Tennessee.Hubbe M, Neves WA, Oliveira ECd, and Strauss A. 2009. Postmarital residence practice in southern Brazilian coastal groups: continuity and change.  Latin American Antiquity 20(2):267-278.Kusaka S, Nakano T, Morita W, and Nakatsukasa M. 2012. Strontium isotope analysis to reveal migration in relation to climate change and ritual tooth ablation of Jomon skeletal remains from western Ja pan. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 31(4):551-563.Tomczak PD, and Powell JF. 2003. Postmarital Residence Patterns in the Windover Population: Sex-Based Dental Variation as an Indicator of Patrilocality. American Antiquity 68(1):93-108.

Essay about Othello, or the Fall of a General - 1061 Words

Othello, or the Fall of a General Othello, the general and protagonist in William Shakespeare’s tragic drama Othello, is an amazing individual in many respects. Let us in this essay explore his character in depth, along with critical opinion. Blanche Coles in Shakespeare’s Four Giants praises Othello as a superior being: In Act I, Scene III, the â€Å"valiant Othello,† as the Duke calls him, comes into the august presence of the Venetian senators. He enters with others but can be singled out by his soldierly bearing in which there appears a certain pride in his calling but no petty self-confidence. His appearance is that of a man mellowed more by experience than by years. He is not handsome as to facial†¦show more content†¦Indeed, this talented soldier is no mere daughter-snatcher! When Brabantio’s pack has drawn their swords with the intent to fight, Othello calmly states: â€Å"Keep up your bright swords, for the dew will rust them.† He is in charge; the accused controls the mob. Politely he addresses the mob leader. â€Å"Where will you that I go / To answer this your charge?† Brabantio demands prison for the general, but this conflicts with the duke’s request for the general’s presence in council. When they have reappeared before the duke, the latter greets Othello immediately and respectfully (â€Å"Valiant Othello, we must straight employ you / Against the general enemy Ottoman.†), but doesn’t even notice the senator Brabantio (â€Å"I did not see you. Welcome, gentle signior.† Noble Othello obviously outranks even the senator, in the estimation of the city’s leader. Brabantio’s serious charges are handled expeditiously, and even trivialized by so brief a consideration by the august body, who quickly rally around the general. The duke tells Brabantio, â€Å"Your son-in-law is far more fair than black† – a compliment to Othello’s virtue and upstanding performance both presently in front of the senators and previously in battles. Cassio’s ship lands first in Cyprus, before Iago’s and the general’s. While the lieutenant isShow MoreRelated Othello: the General and His Fall Essay examples1878 Words   |  8 PagesOthello: the General and His Fall  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   The noble Othello in the Shakespearean play of that name has no one to blame but himself; his suicide results. Is his downfall resulting from his naivete and gullibility? Let us study and expose this famous character in this essay.    Francis Ferguson in â€Å"Two Worldviews Echo Each Other† describes how Othello carries out Iago’s plan of destruction:    Othello moves to kill Desdemona (Act V, scene 2) with that â€Å"icy current and compulsiveRead MoreAnalysis Of Othello By William Shakespeare816 Words   |  4 PagesBell Eng. 1 Pre-I.B. 05 April 2015 Self-Confidence In the book, Othello, by William Shakespeare, the author expresses that without self-confidence a person cannot truly grow emotionally. 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The question then arises whether there is sufficient evidence to all-together condemn Othello as a malevolent and innately evil man, or such evidence that he was simply deceived by Iagos treachery and should be excused for his actions. Yet, as the play

Psychological Predictor of Cosmetic Surgery-Samples for Students

Question: What are the current developments in the field of cosmetic surgery? What are the psychological factors surrounding cosmetic surgery? Answer: Introduction: The number of people cosmetic surgery has increased significantly in the past ten years. This trend is mainly seen due to the concept of physical attractiveness and its role in society today (Furnham Levitas 2012, pp.47-50). The latest trend towards going for cosmetic surgery for physical attractiveness might also be because of the development of less invasive procedures other than invasive procedures. The expense in cosmetic surgery has increased and based on the figures obtained from invasive and surgical cosmetic procedures done in US in 2014, it can be said that it resulted in a expense of about $12.9 billion (Milothridis et al. 2016, p. 397). This figure clearly reflects changes in attitude of people to achieve satisfaction in life. Today, cosmetic surgery is mostly concern with self-esteem concept particularly for youth. Seeing this interest in cosmetic surgery, it is evident that psychological factors have a great impact choice for cosmetic surgery as well as outcome associat ed with it. There is a need to explore in-depth regarding the roles of these two factors behind the rise in surgery. Although past research literature focused on identifying role of media behind higher preference for cosmetic surgery, however the psychology behind such interest is left to be explored. Research question and aim The main aim of this literature review is to analyze recent development in the field of cosmetic surgery and find out the psychological factors surrounding cosmetic surgery. The main research question for the literature review is as follows: What are the current developments in the field of cosmetic surgery? What are the psychological factors surrounding cosmetic surgery? Method: As the main aim of the literature review is to investigate about recent advancement in the field of cosmetic surgery and psychological factors related to cosmetic surgery, relevant and recent research article related to the topic has been taken from databases like Medline, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar and Pubmed The key search terms used for the search included advancement in cosmetic surgery methods, psychology behind cosmetic surgery and factors influencing motivation for cosmetic surgery. The main inclusion criteria for taking articles were as follows: Articles must be published within 2010 to 2017 The articles must be published in English It should cover details only on cosmetic surgery and no other types of surgery. The final articles obtained for literature review was analyzed on the basis of thematic analysis to get answer to the research question. Literature review: Current development in the field of cosmetic surgery: The review of research literature reveals that although many non-invasive procedures like botox and filler options are available to patient, however high rate of satisfaction and distress after surgery has also become a common phenomenon. This has been found to be highly linked with psychological factors and traits of an individual. For instance, Di Mattei et al., (2015) showed that in case of patient having body image and its related disorder before the operations are most likely to be dissatisfied with the outcome of operation. Hence, this study gave the implication that careful assessment of patients regarding psychological health disorder might help to plan treatment and care for patients and improve their outcome. Wimalawansa, Fox Johnson, (2014, pp. 306-316) also supported the fact that mental health diagnoses also increase the outpatient cosmetic surgery burden due to complications in patient. By review of inpatient databases, the study was successful in proving that mental h ealth conditions increases the stay in hospital, hence pre-operative assessment may help to address mental health issues before proceeding with the procedure. However, the limitation found in this evidence is that it gives idea about the role of mental health problem on cosmetic surgery outcomes. However, there are many psychosocial factors too that motivate people to go for such surgeries. Hence, investigating about the psychological factors surrounding cosmetic surgery is crucial to understand the reason for high rate of cosmetic surgery. Social norm and personality trait as a factor behind interest in cosmetic surgery The research by Milothridis et al. (2016, p. 397) gave the insight regarding the psychosocial perspective of people who wish to have a cosmetic surgery done. The researcher used systematic review method to find out psychosocial reasons for people deciding to modify their physical appearance through cosmetic surgery. Firstly, epidemiological factor particularly influence of gender was found as more number of women were found to favor cosmetic surgery compared to men. In addition, alcohol consumption and education were found as predictor for interest in plastic surgery (Slevec Tiggemann 2010, pp.65-74). Review of many studies also gave idea about the impact of social network on youths favor for cosmetic surgery. It showed that preference for cosmetic surgery was higher for unmarried women and being connected with someone who have already undergone cosmetic surgery. These results did not discussed about psychological factors predicting interest for cosmetic surgery. However, the section on body image and self-esteem clearly gave idea about psychological traits behind choosing plastic surgery. The discussion revealed that people who are highly conscious about their body image are more likely to go for cosmetic surgery. In addition, level of self-esteem, inner attitude, emotions and disposition affected the decision to go for cosmetic surgery. This is also consistent with the research by Furnham Levitas (2012, pp.47-50) as it explained the people with low self-esteem will to have cosmetic alterations to boost their self-confidence. The strength of Milothridis et al. (2016, p. 397)) wo rk is that it established links between social norms and cosmetic surgery. However, it has not explored in-depth regarding the psychosocial characteristics of people going for cosmetic surgery which is the main objective of the literature review. Hence, extensive research on psychological characteristics is needed. Involvement in bullying as a psychological predictor of cosmetic surgery In response to the topic of psychological factors influencing interest in cosmetic surgery, the research literature by Lee et al. (2017, pp. 1109-1118) is considered a useful piece of evidence as it investigated about the role of adolescent bullying as a key factor predicting peoples interest in cosmetic surgery. Adolescent who were bullied in schools and colleges have poor psychological functioning and they regard cosmetic surgery as a source to reduce their psychological distress and modify perceived flaws that resulted in past history of bullying. The researcher used two-stage study design to first screen participants for bullying experience and then, collect data related to their preference for cosmetic surgery. The psychological functions that were assessed in the subjects included self-esteem and emotional problem in the first stage of research and body-esteem score in the second stage. The result convincingly proved that youths involves in bullying were significantly intereste d in cosmetic surgery compared to other adolescents. The study finding is also consistent with another study which showed that bullies have increased desire to increase their attractiveness and social status. Hence, going for cosmetic surgery is high in such group (Lee et al. 2017, p. 38). The strength of the study is that it clearly stated the reason behind increased rate of cosmetic surgery by the argument of poor psychological functioning in victimized adults. This evidence is useful to screen candidates coming for cosmetic surgery and identify psychological vulnerability in people. Impact of psychosocial factor on cosmetic surgery consideration: The study by Nerini, Matera Stefanile (2014, pp. 461-466) was based on the background evidence that percentage of people undergoing cosmetic procedure has increased from 2000 to 2012 resulting in an increased in rate by 98% in US. This influenced the establish links between attitude towards cosmetic surgery and impact of socio-cultural influences. The importance of this research article was that apart from media influence, it also explored peer and family influence on choosing cosmetic surgery. The results of the study proved that social comparisons in society often mediate womens desire to go for cosmetic surgery. Women internalized the idea of physical attractiveness by being involved in regular conversation with friends about appearance (Nerini, Matera Stefanile 2014, pp. 461-466). Hence, peer influence and their importance of weight and shape for success resulted in interest for cosmetic surgery. Hence, this study gave a useful insight that friends can also influence the psycho logy of women going as their conversations related to appearance evoke the interest in cosmetic surgery. The strength of the evidence for the literature review is that it clearly explains attitude towards cosmetic surgery by means of socio-cultural influence and psychological process surrounding it. However, some limitation of this study is that it has not considered those factors that might have influenced study outcome. Hence, in future, researchers must also collect details about personality and social anxiety in participants and analyze the impact of these factors on attitude towards cosmetic surgery. The limitations found in above research was addressed by Pavan et al. (2017, pp. 90-97) as it investigated about both psychological traits in post-bariatric patient asking for body contouring surgery. Many patients go for bariatric surgery as they are not satisfied with their physical appearance and this affects their social and work life too. Hence, investigating about psychological traits in patient is critical to prevents unsatisfactory result in surgery. Pavan et al. (2017, pp. 90-97) used survey questionnaire to identify and categorize patients on the basis of diagnosis. The study showed presence of several psychological traits in patient such anxiety disorder, previous history of depression, impulsivity and binging disorder. With this result, the study was successful in explaining about reasons for poor outcome in patient post surgery. The strength of this study is that through the result finding it gave idea about the need for professional collaboration between surgeon and psy chologist to reduce negative outcome post surgery. Influence of psychological factors on cosmetic surgery journey: The main aim of this literature review to find out psychological links surrounding cosmetic surgery. Paraskeva, N Clarke, A Rumsey (2014, pp. 28-32) mainly discussed about the need for routine psychological screening of cosmetic surgery patients and with this discussion, it gave idea about not just psychological factors influencing choice for cosmetic surgery but also on its journey. The researcher emphasized that pre-operative psychological screening is important for surgeons and psychologist as it will help to identify patients with poor post-operative outcome. Apart from the influence of psychological factors on choice for cosmetic surgery, the research gave information regarding the role of psychological factors on entire cosmetic surgery. It may have an impact on patients satisfaction with the surgery. Hence, it can be said that psychological factor is one of the reason behind increased risk of poor outcome in client. Unrealistic expectations associated with surgery results in post-operative distress and distraction in many patients (Klassen et al., 2016, pp. 1068-1078). In addition, inappropriate motivation and underlying psychological disorder also increased the likelihood of poor outcome post surgery. The strength of the evidence is understood as it clarified regarding the impact of psychological factors on poor outcome of patient. There is a need to explore in-depth regarding psychological vulnerability of patient as this research did not conducted the research on vulnerable group. Wildgoose et al. (2013, pp. 152-159) also supported the above evidence by stating that pre-operative psychological assessment is necessary to improve outcome of patients related to expectation and motivation. The study mainly reviewed performance of several pre-operative assessment tool and showed that there are very tools available that has validity and utility in the screening of patients. This may lead to inappropriate elucidation of patient expectation before surgery and their satisfaction and quality of life post surgery. Hence, this research pointed to the need for improving existing screening tools by addressing validity related issue. Conclusion: The main purpose of the literature review was to explore about the psychological factors associated with cosmetic surgery. The main intention for this research objective was to understand the need for screening of cosmetic surgery patient and identify the implication of psychological factors on outcome of patient. The review of research on the topic gave rise to several themes like role of social norm, personality trait, bullying experience, education, peer influence, body image conversation and body image ideology behind the reason for such surgery. The evidences were found effective in clear understanding about the psychological factors influencing the decision to go for cosmetic surgery. However, another important strength of this literature is that it explored the impact of psychological factors both in pre-operation motivation as well as post-operation outcome. The data from this literature review will have great implication on the work of surgeons and psychiatrist as they can c ollaborate in the future to reduce the cost burden associated with complications post surgery. References American Society of Plastic Surgeon 2017, New Statistics Reflect the Changing Face of Plastic Surgery, viewed 18 December 2017, https://www.plasticsurgery.org/news/press-releases/new-statistics-reflect-the-changing-face-of-plastic-surgery. Di Mattei, VE Bagliacca, EP Ambrosi, A Lanfranchi, L Preis, FB Sarno, L 2015, The Impact of Cosmetic Plastic Surgery on Body Image and Psychological Well-Being: A Preliminary Study, International Journal of Psychology Behavior Analysis,2015. Furnham, A Levitas, J 2012, Factors that motivate people to undergo cosmetic surgery,Canadian Journal of Plastic Surgery,20(4), pp.47-50. Klassen, AF Cano, SJ Alderman, A East, C Badia, L Baker, SB ... Pusic, AL 2016, Self-report Scales to measure expectations and appearance-related psychosocial distress in patients seeking cosmetic treatments, Aesthetic surgery journal,36(9), 1068-1078. Lee, K Guy, A Dale, J Wolke, D 2017, Adolescent desire for cosmetic surgery: associations with bullying and psychological functioning,Plastic and reconstructive surgery,139(5), 1109-1118. Lee, K Guy, A Dale, J Wolke, D 2017, Does psychological functioning mediate the relationship between bullying involvement and weight loss preoccupation in adolescents? A two-stage cross-sectional study, International journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity,14(1), 38. Milothridis, P Pavlidis, L Haidich, AB Panagopoulou, E 2016, A systematic review of the factors predicting the interest in cosmetic plastic surgery,Indian journal of plastic surgery: official publication of the Association of Plastic Surgeons of India,49(3), 397. Nerini, A Matera, C Stefanile, C 2014, Psychosocial predictors in consideration of cosmetic surgery among women Aesthetic plastic surgery,38(2), 461-466. Paraskeva, N Clarke, A Rumsey, N 2014, The routine psychological screening of cosmetic surgery patients, Aesthetics, 28-32. Pavan, C Marini, M De Antoni, E Scarpa, C Brambullo, T Bassetto, F ... Vindigni, V. 2017, Psychological and Psychiatric Traits in Post-bariatric Patients Asking for Body-Contouring SurgeryAesthetic plastic surgery,41(1), 90-97. Slevec, J Tiggemann, M 2010, Attitudes toward cosmetic surgery in middle-aged women: Body image, aging anxiety, and the media,Psychology of women quarterly,34(1), pp.65-74. Wildgoose, P Scott, A Pusic, AL Cano, S Klassen, AF 2013, Psychological screening measures for cosmetic plastic surgery patients: a systematic review, Aesthetic surgery journal,33(1), 152-159. Wimalawansa, SM Fox, JP Johnson, RM 2014, The measurable cost of complications for outpatient cosmetic surgery in patients with mental health diagnoses, Aesthetic surgery journal,34(2), 306-316

Online Auto Auction

Introduction The auto industry is one of the largest industries in the world and this creates a lot of problems for various stakeholders in the industry. This essay will explore avenues that could be used in the process of setting up a car dealership within the car auction business. The essay is also going to look into ways and means of shipping cars within the car auction industry.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Online Auto Auction specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The auto industry has evolved over the years and this has made car sales to increase through use of different channels. One of the growing channels for sale of cars is the internet due to the growth of online car auctions sales. The online car auction has been on the rise and as a result, car dealers in the world currently make use of e-commerce sites to advertise and conduct trade. Therefore, several pre-requisite have to be met in the process of establishing an online car auction. Overview There are several factors that one needs to consider before starting a business especially in the auto industry. The best tool to use in analysing a business start-up is a SWOT analysis on all factors affecting the online car auction industry. Moreover, we will also analyse the export of cars and the general trend within the auto industry. Type of Business: Before any person or organisation intends to start a business, a consideration on the kind of business has to be analysed. For instance, in the auto industry an organization can consider if they are going to sell at the retail or wholesale level. An organisation might come up with its own online portal like EBay or if it is the case of an individual, he/she might make use of a site like EBay. Moreover, in most cases retail auto dealers sell to individuals while wholesale business in most cases deal with selling to other dealers in different regions. Consequently, an organisation or an individual might decide to focus on selling all types of vehicles or to sell a certain kind of automobiles (Krane, 2003). For instance, an organisation might have a niche and decide to sell trucks only, sedans only or other segments of vehicles in the auto industry.Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Cost: This is a major factor that needs to be factored in the process of establishing an online auction business. Various costs have to be incurred in the process of establishing an online auction site. These costs include registration costs, licensing, advertising, and operational costs among others. As a result, careful budgeting and planning has to be done. However, the major costs that an online business owner should watch out are security and shipping. Online transactions are faceless and thus it susceptible to fraud and therefore adequate security measures should be undert aken (Rubenstein, 2010). Another major worry for online businesses is shipping especially in the case of international trade since several countries have different shipping rates and rules. While shipping to some regions could be considered non-commercially viable with problems like piracy and the sort. Thus, in an online auction you could either set for the customer to pay for shipping or for you to pay the shipping (Morris, 2011). These are some of the major cost factors that need to be addressed in the process of setting up an online auto auction business. Licensing: Before you set up an online auto auction in the United States of America, an organisation has to secure different business licenses. One of the mandatory licenses is a driver’s license that has to be issued with the US motor vehicle department. It is important to note that an individual can sell a limited number of vehicles without a license. This rule however does not apply for businesses or people selling la rge consignments of cars (Sinclair, 2007). Businesses exporting used or new cars the Unites States have to register with the office of foreign trade and this makes business more challenging. Apart from business and foreign trade licenses, businesses have to also consider that some countries require a certificate of vehicle inspection form the country of origin. This document is used to ascertain that certain regulations such as the age of the car do not exceed a certain number of years. For instance, Saudi Arabia only allows 4 year old cars to be imported into the country. Thus, all these licenses have to be acquired by the business during set up process.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Online Auto Auction specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Price: This is a major factor considered by consumers and sellers in the process of trade. A consumer will buy a car or product based on the price of the car at the time of the sale. As a result, the seller has to price his car competitively for his/her car to be bought and at the same time make a profit. During the setting up of an online auction site, thorough research has to be conducted before a reasonable reserve price is set. Factors that need to be factored in this process include the age of the car, mileage, features of the car (Jerenz, 2008). It is advisable to include and document all the features and condition of the vehicle for it to attract genuine and competitive bids. Since the online auction business relies on trust based on information shared in the process of conducting trade. Availing all the information is necessary in attracting customers and at the same time building a good reputation for the business (Rubenstein, 2010). Insurance: The auto industry relies heavily on insurance for the protection of interests of all stakeholders. Thus, an online auto auction business owner should have insurance all the cars his/her organisation is selling. This helps in cushioning the business against losses such as theft, shipping of damage to the vehicles. Insurance covers such as general liability, comprehensive plans or a surety bond helps in protecting your business (Morris, 2011). For instance a surety bond might be expensive but it aids in covering of losses incurred as a result of failed contract with a supplier or vendor. The trade in used cars is lucrative but also risky hence an online auction business owner must get an insurance cover. Documentation: In the process of doing business, it is important for documents of trade to be used. However, the online auction trade is mainly conducted without formal documents. In consequence, a business owner must make the effort to ensure all the needed and necessary documents are in order. This is necessary for the purposes of trade since an online auction owner makes use of various channels within the trade process (Daft, 2006). For instance he/she has to work with custom off icials during shipping, banks and other trade intermediaries. Moreover, the consumer has to be availed inspection documents, warranties, mileage and other documents necessary after purchase of the vehicle (Barringer, 2008).Advertising Looking for proposal on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The online auto auction of used cars has grown over the years due to various factors shaping the business world. The advancement of technology has accelerated online trade and the auto industry has also taken cue. Therefore, more auto online trade is conducted today and most of the trade is on used vehicles. Sites like EBay sell cars based on user ratings for different third party car buyers and sellers (Jarvenpaa, 2008). The successful implementation of the online trade has been based on trust and security measures under taken by online auctions site owners. The major driving force is price and the factors listed above with a bid to maintain and grow this industry. Based on research conducted, the auto online auction for used cars is set to grow due to consumer demand and ease of doing business. Therefore, it is recommended for a business owner to consider selling used cars using online auctions sites bearing in mind the above business factors. Conclusion Conducting an online aucti on site is quite challenging and business owners have to conduct good business research before commencing business. This is made more difficult since trade is conducted online where transactional and security risks are great. As a result, a business owner has to conduct good research and take the necessary precautions in opening an auto online auction business. Some of the factors he should look into are insurance, licensing, price and costs and if these factors are catered for and mitigated then a good business can be developed. The auto online auction trade is set to grow and this will have a good ripple effect on business owners venturing in this trade. References Barringer, B. (2008). The Truth About Starting a Business. London: Allen Unwin. Daft, R. Marcic, D. (2006). Understanding Management. Detroit, MI: John Wiley and Sons. Jarvenpaa, S. L., Tractinsky, N., Vitale, M. (2008). Consumer trust in an internet store. Information Technology and Management, 45–71. Jerenz, A. (2008). Revenue Management and Survival Analysis in the Automobile Industry. Chicago, IL: Cengage Learning. Krane, B. Markowitz, J. (2003). Analysis of eBay. New York, NY: Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Morris, M. (2011). Starting a Successful Business: Choose a Business, Plan Your Success. New York, NY: Jones Bartlett Learning. Rubenstein, J. (2010). The Changing Global Auto Industry: A Geographical Analysis. Boston, MA: Jones Bartlett Learning. Sinclair, J. Spillane, T. (2007). eBay motors the smart way: Selling and buying cars, trucks. Denver, CO: Springer Publishing Company. This proposal on Online Auto Auction was written and submitted by user D0nald to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Fs For Society Or For Students Essays - Education Reform

F's For Society or For Students? The American education system has been taking some serious hits recently. In an article entitled ?What Our Education System Needs Is More F's,? Carl Singleton suggests that students are merely attending class, but do not complete an acceptable level of learning. Teaching levels are of low quality and impersonal in nature with an emphasis on passing the students from their classroom to the next without ensuring their level of learning meets the minimum requirements. By a widespread issuing of F's, we as a society must look at the cause and effect aspect this will produce. Giving F's will not solve the problems Singleton suggests, but create new ones. Society must be prepared to deal with the results of more F's by understanding how it affects the family, student, and schools themselves. As part of his argument for sending home more F's, Singleton feels that this would force parents to take time out and help children improve their grades. Many parents do not play an integral role in encouraging good study habits by allowing their children to watch television as opposed to doing homework. By sending home F's, this would force the parent to address the issue, take away privileges, and become more active in the education process. According to Singleton, the responsibility of failing children belongs at home with the parents. It is a noble idea to have parents spend more time with their children and a core value that many politicians promote, but the reality of this situation does not always leave enough room for parent involvement. Singleton must realize that the majority of school-aged children are products of single-parent families, multi-family households, or dual working parents. The report card in the mail with a barrage of F's will only create a hostile environment between the parent and child. The over-worked, over-stressed parent will yell at the child and could potentially discourage the child's willingness to work harder on achieving better grades. As mentioned earlier, this is the cause and effect issue at hand regarding parents and F's. Assigning F's does not leave total responsibility on the parents. This would also ?force principals, school boards, and voters to come to terms with cost as a factor in improving our educational system.? Singleton suggests that with the reality of failing students will come the obvious need to spend more money in bringing these students up to a passable level. ?One way or another,? says Singleton, ?they will learn the material.? School systems across America are in need of additional funding to run a program that is adequate for today's students. Keep this in mind next time you answer your door to a neighbor kid or your friend in the next cubicle over asks you to buy some candy to help support the school programs. When you start to send home F's, the school board becomes aware of problems in the school system, but so do upset parents who contact their district council members. Before you know it, the school is on the 10:00 o'clock news for having children that do not meet the minimum standards of education. The reputation of the school is at stake. Yet again, cause and effect of F's as related the school systems. Let's also consider the adolescent child who struggles with daily personal battles of trying to fit in. Social pressures are beyond what adults can really understand. True, we have already traveled that road, but to an adolescent, this is new territory where self-esteem, self-awareness, and self-efficacy dominate their total existence. Giving an F to the child and holding them back from their peers who advance to the next grade level will only destroy their personal value system. Take it even further and consider the anger and embarrassment the child will feel from his family. I am sure that a small percentage of parents will see the F as a warning flag and will be prompted into action, but not a large enough percentage to deem the widespread giving of F's as a solution. I do not mean to say that we should continue to pass students who do not meet the standards to save face, but that careful consideration should be enforced with

Moulin Rouge Essays

Moulin Rouge Essays Moulin Rouge Paper Moulin Rouge Paper Essay Topic: Film Taking risks are essential for one to live life to the fullest. Indeed, taking risks may be dangerous and impacts one’s life negatively, but this allows individuals to encounter experiences that may be beneficial as it is a positive way to learn new skills and to test one’s limits and the limits of others. This is evident in both Baz Luhrmann’s 2001 romantic, musical film ‘Moulin Rouge’ and Libby Hathorn’s children’s book, ‘Okra and Acacia : The Story of the Wattle Patterned Plate’. These two texts present the protagonists and other characters taking risks such as romantic risk, social risk and professional risk. In Luhrmann’s film, Moulin Rouge, Christian takes a romantic risk by fraternising with Satine who is a courtesan and romancing the Duke because he has claimed rights to the Moulin rouge. During the scene where Christian and Satine are having private rehearsals together, the lovers are viewed in a mid shot showing their affect towards each other, is then disrupted by the intrusion of the Duke. The couple’s fast-reacted body language of the two separating form each other’s arms display the severity of the romantic and professional risks that Christian and Satine are partaking. In spite of this, this risk is worth taking as it allows the writer and the courtesan to experience love. This persuades the viewers to go and watch the film. The music which is used throughout the trailer is contemporary, modern music of the current day: songs which the audience are familiar with, for example Your Song by Elton John and Roxanne by Sting. Although the film is set at the end of the 19th Century and the images in the shots show this, the music conveys feelings and emotions which have no historical boundaries, meaning the shots and music relate to each other. The director has chosen to use these contrasting but well relating devices as it shows that peoples emotions have not changed even though music and fashion has. An example of this interesting film language is used in frames shot inside the Moulin Rouge were people are dancing, dressed in historical costumes. Over these shots Roxanne is played expressing passion and emotions of characters even more. Baz Luhrmanns clever directing influences the viewers into going to see the film by using sympathetic background music. By using familiar songs this captures the audiences attention, persuading them further into going to watch the film Moulin Rouge. The director uses different cinematic shots to vary the frames in the trailer. Different shots have different terms which are used to indicate the amount of subject/character within a frame, how far away the camera is from the subject/character, and the perspective of the viewer. Each different shot has a different purpose and effect on the audience. An Extreme Long Shot (ELS) is generally used as a scene setting shot. In this trailer, in shot 5, it shows a shot of Paris ranging from the Eiffel Tower to the Moulin Rouge. This informs the audience where the film is set making them more interested in the film as they can really relate to the place where the film was shot. Baz Luhrmann has chosen use many long shots (LS) to view characters as approximately life size i. e. corresponding to the real distance between the audience and the real screen. Long shots show a full length shot of the character from head to toe. Long shots are very popular in this trailer when the shots are inside the club and show many people dancing together. This interests the audience more as they feel involved in the trailer as the viewers enter the mind of the Moulin Rouge. The director uses long shots to introduce characters to the audience so they know what they look like. This persuades the audience to go and watch the movie at the cinema. The most popular shot in the Moulin Rouge trailer is the Medium Shot (MS); which includes variation called the two shot and three shot. A medium shot contains characters from the waist up and they are mainly used in dialogue scenes. The medium shots are frequently used in the Moulin Rouge trailer and there over 30 dialogue shots between characters. If a shot contains two characters from the waist up these are called the two shot. These often occur in this trailer when there is a narrative between characters. For example the most frequent two shots are of Satine and Christian, the lovers. These are shots which include dialogue informing the audience of the storyline. The three shot are also used. This is when a shot contains three figures. The director uses the three shots when three characters are talking for example, a three shot is used between Satine, Christian and the Duke. Here the audience feel tension and suspense as the Duke wants to split the couple up and make Satine his but the audience do not want this. Medium shots focus in on the characters actions and show the audience more clearly of the relationships between the characters making the audience wanting to go and see the film. A Close Up Shot (CUS) concentrates on either a face or detail of Mises of close up shots in the Moulin Rouge trailer are close up shots of Satines diamante necklace, Satines face and the Dukes facial expressions. These close up shots magnify the object showing the audience the importance of things, i. e. the expression on the Dukes face where he scowls and strokes his moustache, gives the audience the feeling that he is not to be trusted and he is sincere. The close up shots take the audience into the minds of the characters as people who the viewers really trust are only allowed to get that close to their face, for example Satines loving face as she gazes at Christian. The director uses a close up to make the audience feel comfortable or uncomfortable about characters. A close up of the Duke makes the audience feels tense and hatred towards him, compared to the loving, protective relationship between Satine and the audience. These close up shots influence the viewer more to go and see Moulin Rouge as audience develops strong relationships towards characters. The director has chosen to use extreme versions of the close up shot which magnifies on a part of the face i. e. eye. These shots are known as Extreme Close Up Shots (ECUS). In the 53rd shot the director uses an extreme close up on Satines eyes focusing the audiences attention on to them. The audience are allowed to wander further into Satines mind increasing the feeling of care between Satine and the audience. The audience become involved in the film as they now feel they know Satine like a sibling as the extreme close up develops the emotions of the audience. By doing this the viewers feel even more persuaded to go and see the movie where they can find out what happens in Satines life at the Moulin Rouge. A trailer is a montage of shots which persuades the audience to go and see the film which is being advertised. A major part of the trailer is how the shots and frames have been put together. This is known has editing. Editing is a term used to describe the process of looking at all the footage which has been shot during the making of the film, placing it in a desired order and then joining it together. Editing consists of two major parts: the speed of editing i. e. how long does a shot last? The style of editing i. e. how are the shots joined together? The Moulin Rouge trailer consists of around 120 shots most of which are set inside the Moulin Rouge. The speed of each shots relates to the situation being portrayed and the background music which is playing. The tempo (speed) of the editing shots for the Moulin Rouge trailer starts reasonably slow, with each lasting about 2 to 3 seconds as the characters are introduced and the synopsis of the storyline begins. The speed of editing relates to the rhythm of the particular background music being played over the shots. The first montage of shots shows Satine and Christian meeting and how their love for one another develops whilst your song is played linking the shots together. The audience are meant to feel relaxed and sense the love between the couple growing as a romantic slow song is played linking the shots together. The speed of editing increases around the 67th shot where the Duke is intervening and meddling in the couples relationship. Here the background music quickens. The rhythm becomes faster and more random creating an atmosphere of tension and suspense for the audience as the couple begin to fall apart because of the Duke. Here the speed of editing increases to about 1 second per shot as the tension mounts. Will the couples love resist the evil Dukes temptations? This makes the trailer more interesting for the viewers as they are left with unanswered questions about the characters meaning the trailer has been successful, as the audience need to go and see the movie so their questions can be answered. By using background music with a strong rhythm it makes the speed of editing more noticeable so the audience feel these certain feelings. The second part of editing is how the shots have been joined together to create a 3 minute trailer for Moulin Rouge. The most frequent and popular style of editing is the straight cut were one frame is joined to the next straight on. The director must be able to combine shots without distracting the audiences attention from the images and narrative on screen. Baz Luhrmann is successful in doing this with straight cuts as well as with other styles of cut. At the end of this trailer the finally screens are the credits (names of actress and actors) and then the screen fades to black meaning that is the end of the trailer. This method is called fade-out. This style of editing is used to signify to the audience that something tense is about to happen or has just happened, or that the trailer has ended. This leaves the audience in suspense so they have to go and watch the Moulin Rouge. In the tenth to eleventh frames these are joined with a dissolve cut. In the tenth shot it shows the inside view of the Moulin Rouge club. Then the eleventh shot, which is a shot of Satine standing on the stage, is slowly brought in beneath the other image. A dissolve cut blends shots together without the audience noticing them. The director uses dissolve cuts to join shots together to add a variety of different styles of editing to the trailer, to make it more interesting to watch for the audience. The director has chosen to use a jump cut to draw the audiences attention onto an object very suddenly. Baz Luhrmann uses a jump cut when focusing the viewers attention onto Satines diamond necklace in a blue velvet box. It is a quick shot but the audiences attention is brought into focus very quickly as the Diamonds sparkle in the light. This is significant as the jewellery is a present from the Duke to Satine, who the audience know this is unusual as Satine feels tense around him. The director does this to influence the audience by suggesting the Duke is buying Satines love with the necklace. This makes the viewers detest the Duke even more. By using a variety of different style editing methods this makes the trailer more unique, persuading the audience to go and see the film.

Economic globalization reduces the possibility of conflict Essay

Economic globalization reduces the possibility of conflict - Essay Example From a critical point of view, when countries learn to depend on each other, they form long lasting relationships as the feel that they need each other for survival. On this note, they are committed to maintain harmony to ensure that this interdependence works out for all of them and that each country can uplift their economy. Since countries are unique entities with different resources, it is true that globalizing the economy will ensure that conflicts are reduced and each country can depend on its allies. On this ground, it is clear that the harmony that the world enjoys today is a result of health relationships that have resulted from the formation of a global economy. The end of the 20th century and the 21st century is a time when the world has experience harmony as a result of reduced conflict. The world economy structure has changed due to the formation of a global market where countries are free to venture. Unlike in the post war period, countries are free to invest across the world due to reduced barriers of foreign business entrants. As Barbie (1996) points out, there has been great economic integration to the extent that it is impossible to tell where a product was manufactured. Barbie gives the example of goods that are â€Å"made in China† but have actually been produced through operation integration. Countries have come together to venture in common markets to the extent of collaboratively producing one product. As countries exhaust their domestic markets, they are free to invest in foreign markets in the onset of market liberalization. In the 21st century business organizations have ventured in international markets to increase t heir profits by investing in unexploited markets. This kind of economic integration has resulted into reduced rivalry as countries learn that the domestic market is not enough for economic development. As a result, the new century has seen the number inter country wars reduced due to the economic cohesion that